Madgaon railway station code MAO
Vasco da Gama is a terminus, located very close to the Dabilm Airport (Goa Airport) and the port. Most of the long distance trains to Goa that end/stats at Goa operate from Vasco da Gama railway station
Madgaon (also called Margao) railway station is about 30km south of Vasco da Gama. A great deal of the north-south express trains (in the Konkan Railway route) pass via Madgaon. A large number of express trains to Goa pass via Madgaon, more than those makes it to Vasco da Gama.
Search for trains to Madgaon rather than Vasco da Gama, if you are exploring for all the possible trains to Goa. Every train that goes to Vasco da Gama, passes via Madgaon Railway station anyways.
Apart from Madgaon and Vasco da Gama railway stations, Goa has a number of smaller railway stations. Some of the express trains halts at a few of these smaller stations too. Otherwise these are railway stations for the local passenger trains.
Draw a cross on the Goa's map. That would roughly looks like the railway routes in Goa. Madgaon railway station is around the intersection of this cross.
On the left extreme, close to the sea is Vasco-da-Gama, the last station on the west of Goa. Between Vacso and Madgaon lies Dabolim (Code:DBM), Sankaval (Code:SKVL), Cansaulim (Code:CSM), Majodra (Code: MJO) and Survali/Seraulim (Code:SRVX)
At the top end of the cross is Pernem (Code:PERN) , the north most railway station in Goa. further the route heads towards Mumbai.
Between Pernem railway station and and Madgaon station lies Tivim (Code:THVM), Karmali (Code:KRMI), Verna (Code:VEN) and Survali/Seraulim (Code:SRVX) in north the south order.
South of Madgaon station are Balli (Code:BLLI) and Cancona (Code:CNO), the last station south of Goa.The route further heads towards Karwar and Mangalore.
East of Madgaon railway station is Chandar (Code:CNR). Further east are Curchorem Railway Station (Sanvendram Chuch , Code:SVM) and the route winds it way towards the boarder with Karnataka state. Before it enters Karnataka are two more small stations on the Goa side, Kaleem/Kalay (Code:KM) Railway station and Kulem/Colem (Code:QLM), this is the station for those who are heading to the the Doodh Sagar Falls. Many express trains stop at Kulem Railway Station.